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You may also be interested in Chanakya’s other book, the Arthashastra in English and Sanskrit. Be sure to check out the public domain books page for more puranas, epics and other interesting books to download. More Free Stuff“Shiva – Ultimate Outlaw” is in the words of yogi and mystic Sadhguru, and gives us a dynamic and unique look at the many aspects of Lord Shiva, that are not found elsewhere.
Download Ebook. The Lord Shiva app is a one- stop guide to Lord Shiva. Get chants, stories, temples, wallpapers and more. Download Android App. The Authenticity of Chanakya Niti. Certain Western scholars often bring up the contradictions between Megasthenes works on the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta, and the works of the Chanakya Niti and Arthashastra as written by Chanakya. Sometimes, this argument is used to prove that Chanakya did not in fact exist, and that Chanakya was in fact a real individual.
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He was named Vishnugupta, and belonged to the Kutala clan and was thus also called Kautilya. His name Chanakya probably derives from his father’s name, Chanaka. Here we will look at how these differences are not really differences. An endeavor is made here to examine briefly the differences and the similarities between Megasthenes’ Fragments and the Kautilya and see how the differences so called are really minor and mostly imaginative.
A comparison is instituted here. In this particular the plan followed is to a large extent that of Otto Stein in his Megasthenes and Kautilya where he has exhaustively dealt with this question.
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The Chanakya Niti & Megasthenes’ Indika – Comparison. Roads. Among the public institutions examined by Stein are first the roads.
According to Megasthenes, “The length from west to east as far as Palibothra can be stated with greater certainty, for the royal road is measured by schoni, and is in length 1. The Greek expression in the Indika means the Indian raja marga or royal road. And it is argued that in the Kautilya the road which goes from west to east is not the royal road but the high road which is a trade route. It may be that Kautilya was aware of it and he had no occasion to mention it. Milestones. Secondly, the following are the remarks of Megasthenes on the milestones: “They (Agoranomen) construct roads, and at every ten stadia set up a pillar to show the by- roads and distances.” In the opinion of Schwanbeck, the schoemis which with Eratosthenes coincides with the Indian measurement of distance, yojana, is a measure of 4.
While we do not meet with the term krosa as an official measurement in the Arthashastra, the term is not unknown to Ashokan inscriptions. According to the seventh Pillar Edict of Ashoka at intervals of eight kos the roads were marked by trees and fountains of water. Mile- stones might have been used or might not have been used. It may be as Stein suggests that Megasthenes has imported the Persian or Egyptian idea into India. If this were established it would not detract the value of the Arthashastra which portrays a state of affairs actually obtaining in the land. It, on the other hand, tends to reduce the intrinsic value of Megasthenes’ writings on India.
Measurement of land. With regard to the measurement of land, Megasthenes has the following observation: —“Some (Officials) superintend the rivers, (and) measure the land as is done in Egypt.” It is argued that whereas the Arthashastra mentions measurements of landed property of the village perhaps for purposes of taxation, Megasthenes seems to refer to a general measurement of lands in vogue. Scholars like Law and Mookerjee have accepted the theory that the measurement of land was in practice in Ancient India. It is true that the measurement in the Arthashastra refers only to the village and its borders, and at the same time one cannot agree with Prof. Stein that Megasthenes refers to a general measurement of lands. That this is only a supposition of Dr.
Stein, and that Megasthenes must have meant only the village measurement is evident from Strabo whom the learned scholar himself has quoted. One of the functions of officials like the Gopa and the Sthanika in the Kautilya is the survey and the measurement of lands. The Chanakya Niti on Farming. Irrigation canals. Speaking on irrigation, Megasthenes observes that the officials supervise waterways (sluices) which can be closed, and out of which water is let out slowly so that all may have access to it.
Stein would not accept the rendering by Mc. Crindle of the Greek expression in the Indika as sluices. He interprets it as any waterway that could be shut up. We can accept Stein’s interpretation as it well fits in with the use of the term in the Arthashastra — setubandhas. The term is also used in another sense, in connection by iron railings. With this we are not concerned now.
Setubandha is a construction of a dam or bridge to shut out or let in water. This is the generally accepted interpretation and no purpose is served by twisting it and interpreting it in other ways.
It has been accepted on all hands that one of the means of India’s irrigation was by means of canals and channels and this finds an unmistakable expression in the extant Arthashastra. The harvest seasons. Dr. Stein next examines the mention of the two crops in the course of the year by Megasthenes who speaks also of the fertility of the soil and a double rainfall, one in the winter season and the other in summer. Wheat, rice, sesame and millet are mentioned. Megasthenes who had heard of the agricultural industry from report — because there is no statement that he went into the country- parts outside the Capital - — could not furnish more details than these.
Kautilya mentions the crops of the rainy season and crops which could be raised in other seasons also. The fertility of the soil and the raising of two crops, summer and winter, can be easily proved from the Arthashastra and especially the chapter entitled sitadhyaksa. Fortress at Pataliputra. On the fortification of Pataliputra says Otto Stein: — “The fragments of Megasthenes refer to Pataliputra and its fortification.
In the Arthashastra however there is no mention of Pataliputra.” Megasthenes also speaks of several cities situated on the banks of rivers or on the sea- coast built of wood instead of brick and of cities on other commanding situations built of brick and mud. Strabo on the other hand mentions wooden buildings all round, which is not a fact. Rhys Davids speaks of fortifications in India built of stone walls in the 6th century B. C. Kautilya refers unmistakably to walls of stone. Therefore Strabo could not be credited with full knowledge of facts about India. There were certainly wooden portions in the buildings.
This is true even of houses built today. Law has shown that houses of wood were indeed common in the fourth century B. C. It may be that Kautilya describes the fortress, its construction and plan from actual conditions, and not as mere theory. On that account it does not stand to reason that Kautilya has purely drawn his materials for the construction of a fortress from Pataliputra. It may be that Pataliputra served him as the basis for constructing his theory of a fortress. But we cannot expect Kautilya who writes a general treatise on statecraft to follow the details and measurements of Pataliputra. Though the Arthashastra was for the time being intended for Chandragupta, it was a textbook on Polity for all time, and for all kings, and for all places.
Therefore Kautilya could not have prescribed only one standard the model of the fortress at Pataliputra. On the other hand he mentions different kinds of fortresses such as nadidurga, vanadurga with respective measurements in details. Some may have four gates and some twelve gates.
Some may have one trench around and others three trenches. It all depends on the environs and eminence where such fortress is erected. For the construction of a fortress is purely dependent on topographical and geographical circumstances. By sheer accident, some measurements or details of Megasthenes may coincide with the Chanakya Niti description, as for example, Pataliputra in the form of a square, the wall of Arrian to the parikrama of the Chanakya Niti, etc. On this account we cannot proceed to compare the two because Kautilya is certainly not describing the fort at Pataliputra but is describing how and in what manner a fort could be erected at such and such a place.
Connected with this is the theory that as Kautilya does not mention Pataliputra he could not have been the Minister of Chandragupta. It is very probable that there was no occasion for Kautilya to mention his Capital city by this name. It may be repeated again that Kautilya’s mission was not to sketch Chandragupta’s administration, though Chandragupta seems to have based his administration on the model suggested. His purpose was to write a scientific treatise on administration which his King Chandragupta and his successors as well might use with profit and advantage to themselves.
In such a treatise there would certainly be no occasion for mentioning the city of Pataliputra, and the mere omission of this fact cannot be seriously advanced as an argument for or against establishing the authenticity of the work. Houses and property.
Megasthenes says that the houses and property of Indians were left generally unguarded.
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